John still expected to recover his ancestral lands, and those English lords who held lands in Normandy would have to choose sides. The usual oath was therefore modified by Henry to add the qualification "for the lands I hold overseas." The implication was that no " knights service" was owed for the English lands.Īfter King John of England was forced to surrender Normandy to Philip in 1204, English magnates with holdings on both sides of the Channel were faced with conflict. The Capetian kings in Paris, though weaker militarily than many of their vassals until the reign of King Philip Augustus, claimed a right of homage. Henry II was king of England, but he was merely duke of Normandy and Aquitaine and count of Anjou and Poitou. For example, the Angevin monarchs of England were sovereign in England, i.e., they had no duty of homage regarding those holdings but they were not sovereign regarding their French holdings. There have been some conflicts about obligations of homage in history. Further, one could swear "fealty" to many different overlords with respect to different land holdings, but "homage" could only be performed to a single liege, as one could not be "his man" (i.e., committed to military service) to more than one "liege lord". The oath known as " fealty" implied lesser obligations than did "homage". It was a symbolic acknowledgement to the lord that the vassal was, literally, his man ( homme). "pertaining to a man") in the Middle Ages was the ceremony in which a feudal tenant or vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position ( investiture). Homage (from Medieval Latin hominaticum, lit.
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